Ontology is the theory of objects and their ties. existent and non-existent,
The unfolding of ontology provides criteria
for distinguishing various types of objects (concrete and abstract,
real and ideal, independent and dependent)
and their ties (relations, dependences and predication). next | back
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The picture has the logical form of representation in common with what it pictures.__________________next | back
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^ ` `(V/(.~( ~ ` `~V8^ ~%(^ </// %/< ^<^.` ` 3:/V^ `/^~ (~<(^ V `(%C `g8C ~~< ~~<~.` G(G^ ^<< `^< ` ^ 3%008Bg0B0 / ` BBB0B0Bg88G%/ ~ ^ <% `X <V000g88g0V ` ^ 8B00$000B000B0 ^` ^< :V` `g0000000000BB00 <.`:~^ ^^` <~ `~<<< ` ~^ V/ ^/ `<~<( <^.V<X` ` X0BBC 80$(Either a thing has properties which no other has, and then one can distinguish it straght away from the others by a description and refer to it; or, on the other hand, there are several things which have the totality of their properties in common, and then it is quite impossible to point to any one of them. /$3%8g$GCXCV8%0%8gCG0/^X ^ `:X/(8$%8(/3@%@@C0$$$@@$@@@@@ /G$%8g@3XCC8/CV `<XVVG <^X/V/V/X%0$0X@$$$B$B@@@$@@ /8@8B3g%3VX// <` ` <X@00$$$B@$@@$ Vg83B%%V :X@%@@$@@@@$% 8V<%//8VXX$$^ <X/B@@@@@@@VGg ``/CG33X/$$ .8GB$8$$@$$@X<~ 8.383G3G3@@ <G0gg$@8$$$$$X%$ .(33G8VXCVX3X </G8g@%@$0G00g0%<<~ < `GCVC ` `XX%/XVg88V0C8G0$0B@(<<~ / VVCV//VXgG83BB@@@$@(<(< / < `/ <30gV8Gg3B00BgB%B@$:(<< ^ C` C303X3%0B8$BBBB$0@(<<< < ` 3 `` 3 VXVV/g8%%30080@$@$(::( ~ <^ ` ~<g%/G3B0%0$B00$Gg/<(< ~ (` ` g388%$0gXg8B$B8$$C((< ^ <` ` ` G8B%C00GC0000 `VC<(( ` . ` ` ` ``^ 0B$$$%B$00$Bg `<<(/< ^ (` ` ` `^ <$g$08$0$0$@0C .~<(// . `^^` ` `^.^^ ($@B0Bg@0$0BB. ^^<(<( <<~<<<` ^/^.`` ^~^ $$$0$g0gBB@B$< <<((X/ ^<~<</` ^<</^~^.` ^^^ X0<$$$$B@@$@$B <<///( <<<(<(` ~<((<^^^^.`^^ ^VV($@@@B$0@@0$ ~://XV `/`` (<((C<^^^^^~^. G08//@$@@0@$$@B <<//// ` <C``. <<<:3~^^^<<<</ 0B8/(X@@@8B@$$/ (<//VC ``:3^^` <<<~<((<< ^0$0C /@$$g$@$$< ``((/XV/ ``X8^^^ /<<<<<((/^ CXB$$B$0 (/@$@$$$@$(` ``V(/XX3 `^/8<~~` ^<^.`8/<~<((/V88( `XB3BG$$B(``X@@@0$@@B^~^^:%XXV3V ^^V%(<<~ <~^<<g//<<<(C30%08@B$8C30G800B08@@B$$@$$@^^^<@@@B@@$B^^^^/VVXX%C (<Vg<<((` :<^^^XX/(<</XV0B0$$@B0080$0@gB0%$@$@@$$@8^^<<@$@$@@@@^^<<VVVV%%C <The substance of the world can only determine a form and not any material properties. For these are first presented by the propositions -- first formed by the configuration of the objects.
<^.~^`^^`````.`` ``` <````` ` ` ` ` ` ` ```` ...^^`^^.^^~<< ^.^`````` `` ` ` < ` ` ``````^`^^^^^^.^^< .`^` `` ^ ` ````.`.^`^`^ ^`` `` . <C<~ ` `` ```.`^^`^ ` ` ^ `GGg0$@$0^<3 ``````^ ^ `G@0G0BgB@@8B8` ` ` `````^ ` ` GB0$BCX/XXC@8B8: ` `` ^ <%V883/^ VB0GB33X((X%$@0$3` . V38g88%8@gg^ ^B8gB8C88V%%@@38g` ` . Cg0X8X<^~(C@0V<^` %@GB0%V@g@%C8@$B ` `V8BC0G~B<^X$@GX88GG8g%8G3@883V/@@@CV0B@8%%%G%33CVC/C C3G/@VBg/8CC$g0880%%%3G%3%0gX8/%@%~@(08g%G%%G%G%GG%%% `VGB00(((<V(3//C@/ ^%g0CC/VVXB88%GG%GG%GGG%G%G ^3BB@$@(^^X%88X<CB%/ 8g8VV3G8: .^</ %$B%@$<~&l %8/C<^<C/$( .~<( C8$0@0@BX((<^/GG0^</ VG$%$/(^<(V080B<` ^<<( `8Bg@0@B@/(/3gG8g%X8@@ //0%g088ggB<<^^@8$ggBGGgg8X<<<(/ C00G0$$80@08<```/00g80$B$08080g8$g08g$0gB8$@08800B3B000G$/( `CC%@(8V%B$888$0`^(g@0B00@@G8G00008g0g880G$0G%B@$8BB0g88%G$VV 3`0g8@0B@@GB0@$8B00@0B@g$B@@$$0$08080$B80B8000@08$gB%8@0@@@g0/ GXBgG$B0B$@C03g%GB$@gBB@g8$G$3@$0B$B08BB0B$@@gB800B$0$0B0$8G00/ ^VG$g00gGg3%08@g$$$@%G0Bgg000@0@Gg$B0@0gG08$%$GBBB$000B$gB0@0@BgB `CG80GB0308g%8BG@@B$GG008BBG /008@@0@@g0G0$$88Bg@@0BB8gB8@@008@$$G %%80BGB80080gCGB@%B@%%8g%/8 $B80GC$g08$88%00g$$$B$BBggB0$@B80$@ %3G%8GG8$@@$$0%g0g@3$%%g0G@ `$80GGB0$000$00B8@g0B@0@80$@@@@00%G0$@@3GB/g %$^ `</V$%G$$@%@0$$$$g@0g$B00B80$@$B0B@ XV%BgG88B@@@88BBg%G8%GB$<$( ` V `X8$g0B$0@%@B@8BB$$080g$8@B8@%BB8 C/Gg@@0380C%B8808G0G3%GG%@^<` X@BB%gG0@$@B$0g@B0g$@%00B@@$@B@@ /X%g08gB0% Vg0G8%0$8%$8%0%0VG^ XV3` @8888GGB0$8880B%gB0$gg8$@$$@@$@B XV%3@g@$0g 3Gg0g%080888@XVGX8`` ^0gB@@Bg80@GgG@g@B@B$@@0GBG@000BBB 3@%B0g@0%BG30C8g0G00G$@3<`%03^` `^VB(@@(0@0g@@%C8@gg@@0$@G0B3@@0@@$@@ VC@3B0@33%838%G88$GC0g%` `^ ^ ^(/^X^^ B$30$$@0@%G0g@$@0BgB$@@@08g ~88GgG833gCV%^^~:^<<V^` `~ <^V ` (:(^/< ``^/V@8CgX@$@g88$0B@B@@B /X3%%38%^^^^ `~`^ ` `^3<</X`@B@@@B8$8$80X 88%Ggg3VC/$0X ^`` `~^^``^@$@8@@@$$@@C0% %83V33V%VVB$ ^^^^ (^V<$0BB0@0B000B80G 8Gg8C%g%V@0 < V^<^<<:@@g0$G0$8$B0g0(%8 .<388XVVXVVV3 :` C<8g3@@0$$@0@$B0$BB8V(<X ~` V(/V^ ~` <G8B$0$gGg@$@@$@$80@((/( V ` ( 8@$@@$g$gCB@$G@@@B0`:^^.^~~X@$gC00@$00B@B8g `(////V `` `X ` /:(/VX:<<(<<<^` <VC@.^<VG8$@//88@B8@g0@3 ` `////V% ``<3^` ((/CC/(/<((((X` <(^((</%@8BB:/CG$$8gB0B( ``/XVVVX ^`(V.``` (///(/((/ <CV<g@08G0 (@B0G0@00(``.^((XXV3 ^^(V.^.. ` (///X////< @@0gB008.GgBB$g8BBg^^^^^/VVXV3 <~/3<<<^ ~^^..3XX/(/(/XC3/ X@0@gVB00/^^3@g@%0$0g~^^^/CVC3V% <<X%//<<``<<~<<GV(//VXXVG<3@Bg0@@0@@@0@8$Gg8$g0@8B@^^^80$BC0g0%<~^^(//VCC% (/V3/((/``(<^~^CV/XX//VVG8G00$g0@@8g8g080G0@00$8G$0~^(000@008$8<<<<XVX%VV% ((V%((<V.`(:<<X3VC/VV/3%%GG00@$@8$$$8$%$$VB@B$$@$C@~~(3$$0@@$CG<<~<</X%3C3
Two objects of the same logical form are -- apart from their external properties -- only differentiated from one another in that they are different.lt;(<(((/((( XX//XX/////////(/(((<<<<<<<<8`.`````^`.^``.`.`..````^^^^^^~~<<^<~<<<<<<<:< /X/X//(///////((((<(<(<<<<~<8`````.```````^``^.````^^^^^^^^<<<<<<(<<<<(<:< :/(//////(/////(((<<<<<<^<<<8 ``````````.````````.^V@G%<^^^~^^<<<<<<<~<<<< (/((/(/(((((<(:::<<<<<<<^^^~% ` `` ` `````/@$80G@$$X8$^^^~<~<~~~<~<^ ((((:((((((:<<(<<<<<~<~<^^^^% ` ` ` ` `<$$8G@@@@@$Gg@(<^^^^^~^^^<~^ <:::<:(<<<<<<<<<<<<^<~<^^^^~% ^@G88@$%3G80@%g$%^^^^^^^^^^~^ <<<<<:<<<<<<<<<<<<<<~~^^^(0@@@@@@V` %088$@B3X/%$@@8@0<^^^^^^^^^^^ ~<<<<<<<<<&~X@@@@@@@@@0@C X08G@$$@@g$$@@g%G<^^^^^^^^^^. <<~^<<<<~~~~~^^^^^^~~</@@B@@gXXX3B@@@%%/<^ `8gG$@$8B0@$0@g00.^.```.^^^^^ ^<<^<^^~^^^^~^^^^^^^<V@@$@@0($/<8$@@@%G%%%V833gggB$%3@$$8G@$03%%G%GGGg0gB% ^~^<^^^~~^^^^^^^^^^^<@@@@@@@%/@%$%0@@@G%%%8%G8%GgG@G@@8%$8@$3G%8%%%%G%%G%8 ^^^^^^^^^^``..^^..^^8@@@$@8X//C(%330@$<^^^^^^^^^$G@@@%%G8@@%G%%G%%%%%%%3G% ^^^^^^^^^`^^^`````^g@@$@@@8(/VVC%3X$@@@^.^`.^^.^^(@@@$0B$@g<<<<<~<<^^/V%33 .^^^^^`^.`.``.```.`<@@@@@@C/X8338BV@@@@^^`^^^^^^^0%B@3X3@B$@<<<<<<~^^/V3CX ^^`^^^^^.``.```^`</@@@8@0@@08V<<V$@@gB@:^^`^^`<@X(XVG3//G$XV/G@3~<^^^/XXV3 `.`...``````.```C^3@@0@@@@@BG0$$@g@@@@@@^^$@(V///VVCVVVVV%X(/X(VVVVX$@gG33 `^````````````^$$@@@@g@8@@@8(((0@@@@@@@@VVXV//X:/(V/(CV/V(//%V///%(///V<G8 .```````````%@@$8$@@@@$8$~ B(/B8$@@@@@XCV/////////VV%V(VC/(((C((/:VXV/(3% `.` ````````$~ ^ @$ ` ^V@$@$@@g<</(/V(X/(/VXC/////(X/X/%/<(~^^/XG ` ` ``` /$ 0< (G%$@@%0@$0<(//<///(///V3<V/XX(((/(/:(<3%/(% ````` `%$ 8G8@0G%@G@@03X<(/<//X(V(/VC(/(<///(</((`/<//V `` XB ($@$%G$0@@BB<3@$0$C08<////((VG<X<(/(//((V<^//V<<<C ` @ 3@08g~%%$@@B@ ^@BGGg0g/(X</XV3VC(/</<((//(/:<<X/<^ $ @@GB0^g8B@@@ (B8B0$((</(/(3(X/X/(<<(<//(~~`.//. @ ` %B$BgB 0B@0@^G@<.`^(g0Bgg(<^V~/</%(/(//:((/<//(/<<(:< @ `%BBB8%.8(@3` .` <<0`<%@V@//<(~X~//C//(:/X(X</^/C<%((V $( g GGg$%%` X/C^ `^<.~3@CG%XX(`<<///V</((/<V//(^</</^< B( ` @ ( G08%8/ / @< ../(V<^B00V/X/((//X/X/CX((((/X<</(~<V(/ $X $ 0 8@gG/ 0:^ `XG3G$/(/V(<3/3C%(/((<<^(%/%<(///// Either a thing has properties which no other has, and then one can distinguish it straght3 C$<^` Two objects of the same logical form are -- apart from their external properties -- only differentiated from one another in that they are different. ```< /XV3/%3B<<^^( `((X `.`^< ^<<(X/.^<</38GBg$G8X^/X/(((<(<^/ `` `` `` /(/<^</<< ^^`^~^(%/(CV^V/~<`</</(V(8 ` ` `` ``%0$8/ ^/ (<^.^<<<~<<%VXX<~<:<<~3/V ` <@@@0 ` (<<<^X<V/$//((<X((/((38@ ` `` ~%@% ~ XXC V<(<<(:@8//(V/<V<(///%3/ `` `` /380G% % ^X X:8GG8<(:(^X^:(/((/X3333 `.`` `C/X8GV0 <3C<(/((XX<<<^:^</(<%%CG `````$<<^^^^^ < V`<:(/VX/G/<</<^^<(%33V `````B G^`^<</ V^:(/GCX/(V//X(/<(/%%3% ```.`.G ``^0(^^^``^ </(V/:((/X(X/(<<(/83%C .`^.``3 ^`^0<<<^^% V<~(</(((/(XX/~<</%C%V `^^`^`C ~`3C~~^^^ `^^/gC(C(<%//VX((/V(<(GGG3 .^`^^^C <`%(~<<^^^~` (^` <<</BVC~C/((VV((/(X<((XCGC ^~^^^^V ^`C/<<^^<^^^^^^G<^```^^ <^(/BXX((/VXX/(/X/^^X%CC3C ^^^^^^X ^`<(<(<<<^^^~<<((<^````^< ~~(X@V/(/(X(/X//(X^~/V3%3C ^^~^<~V ^`^B(<:<<~<<<^~ `(<^````^<( <<X8G(V//(/X/V(^(3^~XVG83C ~(<<<<V ^^^/V/<<:<<(~</ ` X<^^^^`~((` `<(VgX//VV(X(V(///8<^V3%3%C 3G%33GX ^`^V0(/:<<<</< `` C(~^^.^^:// /<:V$<(/X//V///</(8^<XC3%3C V%%3g8V `XGg8X//(~<(<< /<<^^^~<:// //<^<C3VB////C<//~/((<<3%%3%3 VCV83G/ `C%G8C/((</(^:<` The substance of the world can only determine a form and not any material properties. For these are first presented by the propositions -- first formed by the configuration of the objects. `.`<g//` `83880/(((:((((^` <XX@^^(C0V:<88//<(V~//~3(<:(%%3G3V ^^/3X//```CG%3g(/////(/(``` <:^(V:C0gX(/V/%/:(CX(//g(/:(33C3C8 `</GXVX` `<^```C/V//:/<(^ (3V<0g//VC <(/X3(<//3<<<<%%%%C% .~/8VXX^ `````3C/V///(X/` ``` (<(/(///<83//(///(/8<<<<%C%GGC `<V%((<<``(<<<^G3XX///VV%%< ~<(//B(//%<<3//<%/:/X<(((3%C3C%C ^<C%((/<.^((((:3%CXVX(%V%XG:</<^ /^<<(<X<C//(/(<V/<<((BC//g((/C:<(<V%8%G3C <(CG/(/<^^((<<<GXCXX/X/XC3%((<X(~<//C////%/</((CV<C<<(8//<///<///((XGGC%3C (XC%CXV/^^(/(/VVCVV/VVVV%G%((<<^V<((X(%<(g(</</<<g(~(<G(/(((<V3V//((GgC3%3Roughly speaking: objects are colourless.
`%@$$VV0 < .8@@X X@$@` @@3 C`<< /8B8< <$G( 3/%$/ `@ 8@@. <@@@ (%8 `%<` @B@< G$C `(0 ^ (`^ @@@@@@@@@@` 0 . < @@@@@@@@@Bg3( (` 3 $$ (@` %@@@@@@@@@@ ` 0 ` @@@@@@@@@@@@@@ ^ Gg ~ C$< ^@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ </$0C< < /X^ XV `V` gC <~ < 0V C( X/C@0@/ < %CG%G `808C< 8^@VCBC< <@g 3( (GC88G808V3 880%g8BB$0%/<. %$B3GB@/@G< <$G`^V0BG0gBGGg%8%088XgGgG80@BG0g088GGgC~ G<3% < <$B@C. X @G%C$`^8B00G8g8%GGgBg/%%%g$80g$88g38800G~ G ` Vg . <@G08B8X%3%g%%08888883V%V88g%8808$gV%X//G8 3 <. g@8%88@gX$@G$G83GG0308GV//$g$03%Gg%8%%3$$%% 3 @@@g@@@V@8<C@0%G%V%Gg%8C</VG%03%88GC83%(gX8gC 3 /V%3@@0$g@@ g@gVg%X%%8G3CgV<CVCG%g8C%g3X8g0VCCB % V%8@@(@@%X V@@@%/C%38C%8gX/V%833V%%G%G%G33g%C/ % 3%@gX^@@%^ % @@/GV3%V338V/~%80%3V33C8GG%C<(Gg( 3 ^ B0(%$G 0 ` << 3<@V/(%/G%X/C%0G%333GC880@CC333 G XVBV@@`X ` C/8%GVC<G3CVX883CG%3GC8(@@G@8%8 C V @@@G@@< < %G%B83V^XCG8%G%%3V%VgG80V0@C0VG X ` 3 % @CB@@g / 8V$0%GCX/G8%3X3BGGV%C383%$8%8@$@ 3^ ^ G C @VX@% < @@@3V%gg3(@%g/<XgC%VV/%@B@8G880Gg G @ @@V ^ ` ^/(<<`%^G%%/XX 3%(gGC3G%CV%3g^G3< %G3%%GG%%C%GX X 0G%G38G%83%3C ^ V%gGG3GgG83(CV ` V%8g0%8%gG%%g 3 XCG8%8gG8G3G% `` < < X8VG8gGBC$8V8% .` ~ ` (C(<8%GG%8C%GG3 `.^^ < ` `8 33V~~0g%80V8G3% `^^^ X 8 `833 /080008gg< `^^/ X VG8B0 GB$0GG8g` ^^~< g </C83G83 XX@@$88BGg` ~ ^<(/ 0 B `8@. ^(C8G@8g%^ <00%@ggg0 V`<</X `B @^ <<@ @CX%/< X^//VX8X8G%%8%%Bg% X@@@@8GGB ^<<(/X ~@ /` ^$@@%%3%C(/33BG%G8083880@$%0 V$gG8$0%g `(<(/XX <@ ^ ^<^. V%@@@8CC%/8Cgg0G$88@83gV@8G@% /0$000%@$ ^/(XX3
ONTOLOGY_AND_WORDS~^^^^^^...//~.``..........``.```````.......^^^^^~~~~~~~< ONTOLOGY_aaaaaaa~^^^^......//^`````````````````````````......^^^^^^~~~~~~< <<<<<<<<~~~~~~^^^^^.......`(/.`````````````````````.//~`......^^^^^^~~~~~~ <~~~~~~~~~^^^^^^^........``((` `` `` .3g$@@@$B(<G.....^^^^^^^^~ ~~ONTOLOGY_^^^.^......````(( `3B@@@@@$@@@$B8.......^^^^^~ ~^^^^^^^^^...........````` <( <0@@@@@%VV%@@@@$C<.......^^^^ ^^^^^^.............``````^C8%%CC(~ @$@@@0V((<(/%@@$B~``.......^^ ^...............```````/88gBB000BB3V $@@@Bg00%(gB00@@@@`````.....^ ........``````````````V88@BB033%0$$g( g@@@B0@@%%G@$g@@@@```````.... ...`.`````````````` .3GgB@8Gg8<~/Cg0BTHIS_IS_@@@3C/Gg03/V@$@BGG8883/<... ```````````````` `V8G0B8G388(/CB880MY_WORLD@@@8$8/V3C%C/%B@ONTOLOGY@@@@@ONTOLOGY `````````` ` `GG8g8BCB@GCVC$$gG$@ONTOLOGY@@@@@V80%%BC%@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ ``````ONTOLOGY____`gg0BB@g/<</gVG(<008G(VG0$@@@@@@@8CV//V8g@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ ```` ` .8gBBB$g(^%C/VCG<@$G8.`````````8$gGGG888@@........`<//VV ONTOLOGY <G80B$$0/<%%VVG8/B8gg<` ``` `$@@@V///VV@@@%....```<///V ONTOLOGY /%8gB$@@@BgVVVVCG@Bgg83/` 3$@@@@@@@@(<<(@@@@@@@@@$8(</VVV V8g%8B$@$@$BgVVVC%g@BgB0BgAn_explicit_formal_specification_of `^/gB$B$$$$@@B$$$.^_how_to_represent_the_objects_concepts gB$@@@@@@@@@$@@@@@G@@@$0B$B_and_other_entities_that_are_assumed /g$$@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@8_to_exist_in_some_area_of_interest_and 8g$@@@@@$@@@@$@@@@@@@@@@@_the_relationships_that_hold_among_them_ 8B$@@@@@@@@$$@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@BONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ /B$@@@@@@@@@$@@@@@@@@@@BB$$$$%g0@B@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ g$$$@@@@@@@@@@@@$@@@$@@@@8B$(~` `<$$@$B$@@@@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ g$$@@@@@@@@@@@@@@BB@@@@@@B80(gg~.(%08$@B$@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@ g$$@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@$$@@@@@/%/. ` .^(`.8@@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ g$$@@@@@@@@@@@$@@@@@$@@@@@$@/~ ^^.^`g$@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ g$@@@@@@@@$G@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@0<` ^<((//B@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ gB@@@@@@@@@gV$$@$@@@@@@@@@@$$$@(~. `@@@@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@ g$@@@@@@@@@@@@$@@@$@@@@@@@@@@@0^ .``.^@@@@%3@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ g$@@@@@@@$$@$@@@@@@@@@@@C^<^~~<<< ^//VVGCV@@@@@@@@@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@ .^$@@@@@@@$$$$$$$<<(/VV/~~~^~<^<<(~ ```<<<//CG(@g^//@@@@@@@@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@ ````%$$$$@$$$@$$/~~~~<<<^^. `^.^(< .(~(<.. `..<////C@@ONTOLOGY@@@@ `````` ``0@@@@@@$$$$$$@ ...``.~<<<//@@@@@@ONTOLOGY gBB@@@@$$$$B@C ` ./^^~~/V/G@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@ @@@@@@$$$$$@@ <///` %/<(<(30@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@ /(8B@@@$@$$$B@@ (V// g3V@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@@ G8Vg$g0@@@$$$BB$/ $@@@@@@@@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@ /8V<8B$B$g/<` 88 g@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@@@ /8 88<V(<<B( @@@@@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@ <G G<%B/<<<^0B g@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@@@@ ```` G 3 0B<<<<<$ @@@@@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@ ``````G V`00<<<<@$ ````~@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@@@ ``````G V`g/(<<<<<<<< ~<` ` ^`.~g@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@VCC ``````8 V`g(/(<<<<<<<<0g.` `` .`.~C@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@%CC .....`8 V`gV/((<<<<<<<<g<`` ``.` ^`^<0@@@@@@@@@@@@@@`</@%CC ^.^...8 V`%%((<<<<<<<(////.` ``... `~.~/@@@@@@@@@@@@@@B.(VVCC3 ^^^^^^8 V..gV((<<<((((V~~(((^.`` `.^^^ ^^^<V@@@@@@@@@@@@@@^./VVCC3 VVV3VV8 C`C$B//<<<((/VV~^ (<<~.```..^^^^ <~^<0@@@@@@@@@@@@@@^^VVVC33 VVV3C8g %/V%0////(///C<~. <<<<^..`..^^~~///V^^/@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@^~VVCC3% VVVCg00` %CCC0C///V3VV3%^` <<<<~^.`.<<3^^^~(@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@^<VC333% VVV%gV0^`%3CC80V//C888C%<` <<<<(<(CV~<(V@@@@8@@@@@@@@@@@@~<CC33%% ~(00/<0^`%3C3%BV/////VVg<.` .VCVV(<V3@@@@@0@@@@@@@@@@<~~<CC3%%G </00((0^.088G8g%VVVVVVVB<.` <////V8@@@@@@.@@@@@@@@@@<<<<CC%%%8 </gB((B<V(....0BCVVVVVV@B^ ` ``` /@@@@@@@@0$@@@@@@@@@@<<<(%C3%GG <V0B//$<^G/V((gBCVVVVCC8@@@. `` ~B@@@@@@@@@<0@@@@@@@@@@(((VB%%G88 (V0BV/$/~8/V//B@%CVVV3%%@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@(V$@@@@@@@@BCCVC0%GG88 /3B$VV$V~gVC//$$%CVVC%GG@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@0(/@@@@@@@@@@///GB%G888 V3B$VV$3<gVCV/@$%%%3C88g@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@(/V@@@@@@@@@$VVV$@8888g
@@@@@@@@@The world is everything that is the case...//~.``.......What is the case, the fact, is the existence of atomic facts._aaaaaaa~^^^^......//he logical picture of the facts is the thought.``````......^^^^^^~~~~~~< <<<<&lThe thought is the significant proposition.......^^^^^^~~~~~~ <~~~~~~~~~^^^Propositions are truth-functions of elementary propositions.
(An elementary proposition is a truth-function of itself.)
Y_^^^.^......````(( `3B@@@@@$@@@$B8.......^^^^^~ ~^The general form of truth-function is: [, , N()]br> ^^^^^^.............``````^C8%%CThis is the general form of proposition. ^...............```````/88gBWhereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent. ........``````````````V88@BB033%0$$g( g@@@B0@@%%G@$g@@@@```````.... ...`.`````````````` .3GgB@8Gg8<~/Cg0BTHIS_IS_@@@3C/Gg03/V@$@BGG8883/<... ```````````````` `V8G0B8G388(/CB880MY_WORLD@@@8$8/V3C%C/%B@ONTOLOGY@@@@@ONTOLOGY `````````` ` `GG8g8BCB@GCVC$$gG$@ONTOLOGY@@@@@V80%%BC%@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ ``````ONTOLOGY____`gg0BB@g/<</gVG(<008G(VG0$@@@@@@@8CV//V8g@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ ```` ` .8gBBB$g(^%C/VCG<@$G8.`````````8$gGGG888@@........`<//VV ONTOLOGY <G80B$$0/<%%VVG8/B8gg<` ``` `$@@@V///VV@@@%....```<///V ONTOLOGY /%8gB$@@@BgVVVVCG@Bgg83/` 3$@@@@@@@@(<<(@@@@@@@@@$8(</VVV V8g%8B$@$@$BgVVVC%g@BgB0BThe world is the totality of facts, not of things. `^/gB$B$$$$@@B$$$.^The world divides into facts. gB$@@@@@@@@@$@@@@@G@@The world is determined by the facts, and by these begin all the facts. /g$$@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@8_to_exist_in_some_area_of_interest_and 8g$@@@@@$@@@@$@@@@@@@@@@@_the_relationships_that_hold_among_them_ 8B$@@@@@@@@$$@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@BONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ /B$@@@@@@@@@$@@@@@@@@@@BB$$$$%g0@B@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ g$$$@@@@@@@@@@@@$@@@$@@@@8B$(~` `<$$@$B$@@@@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ g$$@@@@@@@@@@@@@@BB@@@@@@B80(gg~.(%08$@B$@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@ g$$@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@$$@@@@@/%/. ` .^(`.8@@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ g$$@@@@@@@@@@@$@@@@@$@@@@@$@/~ ^^.^`g$@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ g$@@@@@@@@$G@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@0<` An atomic fact is a combination of objects (entities, things). gB@@@@@@@@@gV$$@$@@@@@@@@@@$$$@(~. `@@@@@@@For the totality of facts determines both what is the case, and also all that is not the case. g$@@@@@@@@@@@@$@@The facts in logical space are the world.@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ g$@@@@@@@$$@$@@@@@@@@@@@C^<^~~<<< ^//VVGCV@@@@@@@@@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@ .^$@@@@@@@$$$$$$$<<(/VV/~~~^~<^<<(~ ```<<<//CG(@g^//@@@@@@@For the totality of facts determines both what is the case, and also all that is not the case. `^.^(< .(~(<.. `..<////C@@ONTOLOGY@@@@ ````We make to ourselves pictures of facts. ...``.~<<<//@@@@@@ONTOLOGY gBB@@@@$$$$B@C ` ./^^~~/V/G@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@ @@@@@@$$$$$@@ <///` %/<(<(30@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@ /(8B@@@$@$$$B@@ (V// g3V@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@@ G8Vg$g0@@@$$$BB$/ $@@@@@@@@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@ /8V<8B$B$g/<` 88 g@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@@@ /8 88<V(<<B( @@@@@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@ <G G<%B/<<<^0B g@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@@@@ ```` G 3 0B<<<<<$ @@@@@@@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@ ``````G V`00<<<<@$ ````~@@ONTOLOGY@@@@@@@@@@@@ ``````G V`g/(<<<<<<<< ~<` ` ^`.~g@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@VCC ``````8 V`g(/(<<<<<<<<0g.` `` .`.~C@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@%CC .....`8 V`gV/((<<<<<<<<g<`` ``.` ^`^<0@@@@@@@@@@@@@@`</@%CC ^.^...8 V`%%((<<<<<<<(////.` ``... `~.~/@@@@@@@@@@@@@@B.(VVCC3 ^^^^^^8 V..gV((<<<((((V~~(((^.`` `.^^^ ^^^<V@@@@@@@@@@@@@@^./VVCC3 VVV3VV8 C`C$B//<<<((/VV~^ (<<~.```..^^^^ <~^<0@@@@@@@@@@@@@@^^VVVC33 VVV3C8g %/V%0////(///C<~. <<<<^..`..^^~~///V^^/@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@^~VVCC3% VVVCg00` %CCC0C///V3VV3%^` <<<<~^.`.<<3^^^~(@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@^<VC333% VVV%gV0^`%3CC80V//C888C%<` <<<<(<(CV~<(V@@@@8@@@@@@@@@@@@~<CC33%% ~(00/<0^`%3C3%BV/////VVg<.` .VCVV(<V3@@@@@0@@@@@@@@@@<~~<CC3%%G </00((0^.088G8g%VVVVVVVB<.` <////V8@@@@@@.@@@@@@@@@@<<<<CC%%%8 </gB((B<V(....0BCVVVVVV@B^ ` ``` /@@@@@@@@0$@@@@@@@@@@<<<(%C3%GG <V0B//$<^G/V((gBCVVVVCC8@@@. `` ~B@@@@@@@@@<0@@@@@@@@@@(((VB%%G88 (V0BV/$/~8/V//B@%CVVV3%%@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@(V$@@@@@@@@BCCVC0%GG88 /3B$VV$V~gVC//$$%CVVC%GG@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@0(/@@@@@@@@@@///GB%G888 V3B$VV$3<gVCV/@$%%%3C88g@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@(/V@@@@@@@@@$VVV$@8888g
` `
^ ` `(V/(.~( ~ ` `~V8^ ~%(^ </// %/< ^<^.` ` 3:/V^ `/^~ (~<(^ V `(%C `g8C ~~< ~~<~.` G(G^ ^<< `^< ` ^ 3%008Bg0B0 / ` BBB0B0Bg88G%/ For it a thing is not distinguished by anything, I cannot distinguish it -- for otherwise it would be distinguished.
^` ^< :V` `g0000000000BB00 <.`:~^ ^^` <~ `~<<< ` ~^ V/ ^/ `<~<( <^.V<X` ` X0BBC 80$(/< `~<<< The object is simple.$$BB8/X (0$BB$00g0B(VX<(( In the atomic fact objects hang one in another, like the links of a chain.t;< `<<C0g0$$B@$B0B@/808GV@8^ VgX~(BB0B%008<</$%0@g@$0@0@@$$$$$ It is clear that however different from the real one an imagined world may be, it must have something -- a form -- in common with the real world.3@%@@C0$$$@@$@@@@@ /G$%8g@3XCC8/CV `<XVVG <^X/V/V/X%0$0X@$$$B$B@@@$@@ /8@8B3g%3VX// <` ` <X@00$$$B@$@@$ Vg83B%%V :X@%@@$@@@@$% 8V<%//8VXX$$^ <X/B@@@@@@@VGg ``/CG33X/$$ .8GB$8$$@$$@X<~ 8.383G3G3@@ <G0gg$@8$$$$$X%$ .(33G8VXCVX3X </G8g@%@$0G00g0%<<~ < `GCVC ` `XX%/XVg88V0C8G0$0B@(<<~ / VVCV//VXgG83BB@@@$@(<(< The totality of existent atomic facts is the world.; he totality of existent atomic facts also determines which atomic facts do not exist.t; < ` 3 `` 3 VXVV/g8%%30080@$@$(::( ~ <^ ` ~<g%/G3B0%0$B00$Gg/<(< ~ (` ` g388%$0gXg8B$B8$$C((< ^ <` ` ` G8B%C00GC0000 `VC<(( ` . ` ` ` ``^ 0B$$$%B$00$Bg `<<(/< ^ (` ` ` `^ <$g$08$0$0$@0C .~<(// . `^^` ` `^.^^ ($@B0Bg@0$0BB. ^^<(<( <<~<<<` ^/^.`` ^~^ $$$0$g0gBB@B$< <<((X/ ^<~<</` ^<</^~^.` ^^^ X0<$$$$B@@$@$B <<///( <<<(<(` ~<((<^^^^.`^^ ^VV($@@@B$0@@0$ ~://XV `/`` The existence and non-existence of atomic facts is the reality. Objects form the substance of the world. Therefore they cannot be compound.
The substance of the world can only determine a form and not any material properties. For these are first presented by the propositions -- first formed by the configuration of the objects.
(The existence of atomic facts we also call a positive fact, their non-existence a negative fact.)
` <C``. <<<:3~^^^<<<</ 0B8/(X@@@8B@$$/ (<//VC ``:3^^` <<<~<((<< This fixed form consists of the objects. Substance is what exists independently of what is the case. ``X8^^^ /<<<<<((/^ CXB$$B$0 (/@$@$$$@$(` ``V(/XX3 `^/8<~~` ^<^.`8/<~<((/V88( `XB3BG$$B(``X@@@0$@@B^~^^:%XXV3V ^^V%(<<~ <~^<<g//<<<(C30%08@B$8C30G800B08@@B$$@$$@^^^<@@@B@@$B^^^^/VVXX%C (<Vg<<((` :<^^^XX/(<</XV0B0$$@B0080$0@gB0%$@$@@$$@8^^<<@$@$@@@@^^<<VVVV%%C <(C0:(:/``<<<(XCXX/(/C88ggB@$@@@g@0$$@$@@@@@$@$@@g0^~~X@$@@@@@0<^<<~VXV3%%
/V///V/(XX/XX(////((:((<<<<<g.````^.`^^^^^next | back^^^^^^^^^^^^<<^^<:<<:<<(<(((/((( XX//XX/////////(/(((<<<<<<<<8`.`````^`.^``.`.`..````^^^^^^~~<<^<~<<<<<<<:< /X/X//(///////((((<(<(<<<<~<8`````.```````^``^.````^^^^^^^^<<<<<<(<<<<(<:< :/(//////(/////(((<<<<<<^<<<8 ``````````.````````.^V@G%<^^^~^^<<<<<<<~<<<< (/((/(/(((((<(:::<<<<<<<^^^~% ` `` ` `````/@$80G@$$X8$^^^~<~<~~~<~<^ ((((:((((((:<<(<<<<<~<~<^^^^% ` ` ` ` `<$$8G@@@@@$Gg@(<^^^^^~^^^<~^ <:::<:(<<<<<<<<<<<<^<~<^^^^~% ^@G88@$%3G80@%g$%^^^^^^^^^^~^ <<<<<:<<<<<<<<<<<<<<~~^^^(0@@@@@@V` %088$@B3X/%$@@8@0<^^^^^^^^^^^ ~<<<<<<<<<&~X@@@@@@@@@0@C X08G@$$@@g$$@@g%G<^^^^^^^^^^. <<~^<<<<~~~~~^^^^^^~~</@@B@@gXXX3B@@@%%/<^ `8gG$@$8B0@$0@g00.^.```.^^^^^ ^<<^<^^~^^^^~^^^^^^^<V@@$@@0($/<8$@@@%G%%%V833gggB$%3@$$8G@$03%%G%GGGg0gB% ^~^<^^^~~^^^^^^^^^^^<@@@@@@@%/@%$%0@@@G%%%8%G8%GgG@G@@8%$8@$3G%8%%%%G%%G%8 ^^^^^^^^^^``..^^..^^8@@@$@8X//C(%330@$<^^^^^^^^^$G@@@%%G8@@%G%%G%%%%%%%3G% ^^^^^^^^^`^^^`````^g@@$@@@8(/VVC%3X$@@@^.^`.^^.^^(@@@$0B$@g<<<<<~<<^^/V%33 .^^^^^`^.`.``.```.`<@@@@@@C/X8338BV@@@@^^`^^^^^^^0%B@3X3@B$@<<<<<<~^^/V3CX ^^`^^^^^.``.```^`</@@@8@0@@08V<<V$@@gB@:^^`^^`<@X(XVG3//G$XV/G@3~<^^^/XXV3 `.`...``````.```C^3@@0@@@@@BG0$$@g@@@@@@^^$@(V///VVCVVVVV%X(/X(VVVVX$@gG33 `^````````````^$$@@@@g@8@@@8(((0@@@@@@@@VVXV//X:/(V/(CV/V(//%V///%(///V<G8 .```````````%@@$8$@@@@$8$~ B(/B8$@@@@@XCV/////////VV%V(VC/(((C((/:VXV/(3% `.` ````````$~ ^ @$ ` ^V@$@$@@g<</(/V(X/(/VXC/////(X/X/%/<(~^^/XG ` ` ``` /$ 0< (G%$@@%0@$0<(//<///(///V3<V/XX(((/(/:(<3%/(% ````` `%$ 8G8@0G%@G@@03X<(/<//X(V(/VC(/(<///(</((`/<//V `` XB ($@$%G$0@@BB<3@$0$C08<////((VG<X<(/(//((V<^//V<<<C ` @ 3@08g~%%$@@B@ ^@BGGg0g/(X</XV3VC(/</<((//(/:<<X/<^ $ @@GB0^g8B@@@ (B8B0$((</(/(3(X/X/(<<(<//(~~`.//. @ ` %B$BgB 0B@0@^G@<.`^(g0Bgg(<^V~/</%(/(//:((/<//(/<<(:< @ `%BBB8%.8(@3` .` <<0`<%@V@//<(~X~//C//(:/X(X</^/C<%((V $( g GGg$%%` X/C^ `^<.~3@CG%XX(`<<///V</((/<V//(^</</^< B( ` @ ( G08%8/ / @< ../(V<^B00V/X/((//X/X/CX((((/X<</(~<V(/ $X $ 0 8@gG/ 0:^ `XG3G$/(/V(<3/3C%(/((<<^(%/%<(///// `$ 3 %8$ /<8B83<` .<:/8$V%@XgC//< X:V%G/^<(</C//3^^/<^&3 C$<^` </`/`````^3V/:3/( 8g%V(<(<(CX(V/:((</((^^</// ```< /XV3/%3B<<^^( `((X `.`^< ^<<(X/.^<</38GBg$G8X^/X/(((<(<^/ `` `` `` /(/<^</<< ^^`^~^(%/(CV^V/~<`</</(V(8 ` ` `` ``%0$8/ ^/ (<^.^<<<~<<%VXX<~<:<<~3/V ` <@@@0 ` (<<<^X<V/$//((<X((/((38@ ` `` ~%@% ~ XXC V<(<<(:@8//(V/<V<(///%3/ `` `` /380G% % ^X X:8GG8<(:(^X^:(/((/X3333 `.`` `C/X8GV0 <3C<(/((XX<<<^:^</(<%%CG `````$<<^^^^^ < V`<:(/VX/G/<</<^^<(%33V `````B G^`^<</ V^:(/GCX/(V//X(/<(/%%3% ```.`.G ``^0(^^^``^ </(V/:((/X(X/(<<(/83%C .`The fixed, the existent and the object are one./(((/(XX/~<</%C%V `^^`^`C ~`3C~~^^^ `^^/gC(C(<%//VX((/V(<(GGG3 .^`^^^C <`%(~<<^^^~` (^` <<</BVC~C/((VV((/(X<((XCGC ^~^^^^V ^`C/<<^^<^^^^^^G<^```^^ <^(/BXX((/VXX/(/X/^^X%CC3C ^^^^^^X ^`<(<(<<<^^^~<<((<^````^< ~~(X@V/(/(X(/X//(X^~/V3%3C ^^~^<~V ^`^B(<:<<~<<<^~ `(<^````^<( <<X8G(V//(/X/V(^(3^~XVG83C ~(<<<<V ^^^/V/<<:<<(~</ ` X<^^^^`~((` `<(VgX//VV(X(V(///8<^V3%3%C 3G%33GX ^`^V0(/:<<<</< `` C(~^^.^^:// /<:V$<(/X//V///</(8^<XC3%3C V%%3g8V `XGg8X//(~<(<< It is form and content. Only if there are objects can there be a fixed form of the world. /<<^^^/<^~~<<Cg(Xg/<<<//(<(/(:<(%%%G3C `.`<g//` `83880/(((:((((^` It is clear that however different from the real one an imagined world may be, it must have something -- a form -- in common with the real world. ^^/3X//```CG%3g(/////(/(``` <:^(V:C0gX(/V/%/:(CX(//g(/:(33C3C8 `</GXVX` `<^```C/V//:/<(^ (3V<0g//VC <(/X3(<//3<<<<%%%%C% .~/8VXX^ `````3C/V///(X/` ``` (<(/(///<83//(///(/8<<<<%C%GGC `<V%((<<``(<<<^G3XX///VV%%< ~<(//B(//%<<3//<%/:/X<(((3%C3C%C ^<C%((/<.^((((:3%CXVX(%V%XG:</<^ /^<<(<X<C//(/(<V/<<((BC//g((/C:<(<V%8%G3C <(CG/(/<^^((<<<GXCXX/X/XC3%((<X(~<//C////%/</((CV<C<<(8//<///<///((XGGC%3C (XC%CXV/^^(/(/VVCVV/VVVV%G%((<<^V<((X(%<(g(</</<<g(~(<G(/(((<V3V//((GgC3%3
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