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Home ] Commentary ] Title ] Intr ] Front ] Avant ] [ A Body ] A ] B1 ] B2 ] C1 ] C2 ] C3 ] D ] E ] F ] G ] H ] I ] K ] L ] M ] N ] O ] P1 ] P2 ] P3 ] Q ] R ] S ] S2 ] T ] V ] U ] W ] X ] Y ] Z ] Reprise ] Cited ] Figs ] Epilogue ]

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Writing Systems

3000 BCE Mesopotamia,  Cuneiform  Etched lines on clay tablets- Sumeria, Babylon, Persia

3200 BCE Egypt, Hieroglyphics Logograms and phonograms Egypt

2800 BCE Indus Valley, Harappan Writing  Inscribed blocks with lines and pictographs

1200 BCE China, Logograms Carved images on bone and shell

1050 BCE Phoenicia, Levantine Alphabets - Phonetic characters on parchment

700 BCE Illiad, Odyssey Greek Epics  Estimated date of Homer's Writing

600 BCE Latin Alphabet From Greek and Phoentian clay tablets

500 BCE Ethiopic script Ancient Semitic script still used to write Amharic, Ge'ez and Tigrinya from the Sabeans from South Arabia (Sheba) who founded the Kingdom of Axum (now Ethiopia).

500 BCE Zapotec Calendar Oldest Latin American text, Oaxaca, Mexico

100 BCE India's Mahabharata Longest verse poem, 100,000 couplets written from oral tradition

 Unknown Nsibidi (Nsibiri) Script Nigeria  Cameroon the  "Magic" or "Cruel" script used by secret societies and the elite of the Ejagham people. Still used in Cuba.

100 AD Runic Alphabet Incised lines on wood or stone in Europe

250  Mayan Glyphs - Carved pictographs in stone and painted bark codices

300 Ogham Wooden Staffs  Celtic alphabet comprised of tree characters

850 Cyrillic Script (Kirilitsa) by Greeks Cyril and Methodius for Slav languages with 38 characters

900 Japanese Phonetic Alphabet

1800s Cherokee Script Developed by a Cherokee named, Sequoya or George Giss  of 84 symbols.

1830 Vai Syllabary Liberia  212 characters of syllables devised by Momolu Duwalu Bukele from ancient ideographs  

1800s Bamum Syllabary  Sultan Ibrahim Njoya's  writing system of 466 pictographic and ideographic symbols in Cameroon.

1800s Inuktitut Script by James Evans based on earlier work on the Cree and the Ojibway languages.

May 4, 1919 Vernacular Chinese  (bai hua) Formal standard for written Chinese based on grammar and vocabulary of  modern spoken Mandarin replaced Classical Chinese (wen yan).

________________________________________

Five billion 
people 
or 85 percent 
of the 
2000 world 
population 
read and write.

 

 

Of  6800 languages
spoken today,
90%  have fewer
than 100,00 speakers.

 

   Alphabet Bodies

 Rowland Scherman, Photograph, Love Letters
Dancers in Covent Garden, London. 1975. 

 

Word in


The William Blake Notebook - Letter m (N64) ±1800.

Erte Letter "A" 1928, Serigraph 1976.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


Narbut, Hryhorij. Abetka, Letter "M": Illustration Ukrainian Alphabet book. 1917

 Flesh


The William Blake Notebook - Letter y (N74) ±1800.

Erte Letter "Z" 1928, Serigraph 1976.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 Johns, Jasper.  Alphabet. 1969.
 

                                   J, V, P, I, and E from various sources.

- Jeremiah forms the letter “J”, Prologue to The Book of Haggai, 13th-C France.
 - The initial “V” for verbum of  two interlocking figures,  The Book of Zephaniah,  13th-C French Bible.
 - 12th-C  Josephus’ Antiquity of the Jews uses a  figurative letter “P”.
 - “I” for In Anno, formed by a scribe holding a scroll, The Book of Ezra in the c.1109 Bible of Citeau. 
 -  8th-C Sacramentary of Gellone includes this initial “E” for ecclesia.


 

Francesco Cangiullo, "Letter V" -                Ardengo Soffici,
Caffè Concerto - Alfabeto a Sorpresa         BIF¤ZF + 18.
(Café-Chantant - Unexpected Alphabet),   Simultaneità e Chimismi  1919.                                                                  Lirici    (BIF¤ZF + 18.
                                                   Simultaneity and Lyric Alchemies), 1915.
 

Peter Flötner, Anthropomorphic Alphabet, Germany,± 1540.
See Salvador Dalí, 1931,‘Paul e Gala’, France.

                                   
Guiseppe Mitelli, 1683, The Dream Alphabet  (allegorical letter figures).
F for Fortuna, D for Diligenza, C, X.
 


Elaine L. Downing,  ABC. 1998.
An accordion book made of one sheet of Mohawk Superfine cover stock, which when folded includes it’s own covers. Edition of 6.

 

 

357 languages with under 50 speakers
46 languages with one surviving speaker

 "Countries with large numbers of languages are those with the most forests, are nearer the tropics and with mountain ranges. The same factors affect the number of bird species. Over the past 500 years, language extinction has run at twice the rate of bird or animal species, around 5% vs. 1-2% for life forms. . .
52 of 176 Native American languages and
31 of 235 Aboriginal languages have become extinct in the past 500 years."

Only 200 to 250 of today's 6,800 languages
are spoken by more than a million people.

William Sutherland, Nature v.423 (15 May 2003)

 

Language Census 1999*

Chinese Mandarin  885,000,000

English                     322,000,000

Spanish                    266,000,000

Bengali                    189,000,000

Hindi                        182,000,000

Portuguese              170,000,000

Russian                   170,000,000

Japanese                 125,000,000

German                     98,000,000

Chinese (Wui)           77,000,000

*National Geographic Society Voices of the World,1999.

 

World Population Clock

Each Minute
245 people are born
106 people die 
139 population increase 
Each Second 
4.1 are born
1.8 die          
there are 2 more 
on the planet

*2003 Population estimates from U.S. Census Bureau, World Vital Events Growth rate of 1.16%

 

The number of a man
The world population
in 2003 is
6,313,864,378 
6.31 billion*

Here is wisdom. Let him that hath understanding count the number of the beast: for it is the number of a man and his number is Six hundred threescore and six (666).
John. Revelations 13:18 (King James Version)

The estimated world population
in 2008 is
6,667,044,578
6.66 Billion*

*2008 Midyear Population Estimates from U.S. Census Bureau, World Vital Events, Growth Rate of 1.1%

 

Of 10,000 
languages 
once spoken
few had a 
written form

 
 

English is 
spoken as a
second language 
on every continent 
by around 
2 billion people.

 

Of approximately 6000 languages
90 % will be extinct
by the end of the 21st century
.

 

 


 



Michael Glier, The Alphabet of Lili - Q                                  Robert Cottingham, "J":
(Q. Do you still love me) 1991.                                                An American Alphabet, 1997


The William Blake Notebook - Studies for Letters p,h,x,s,a  (N75) ±1800.


F.T. Marinetti, Book Page, Les mots en liberté futuristes (The Futurist words-in-freedom), 1919.


Tom Philips,  Painting, The Cloak of Mercury, 1991.
"An interlacing maze of marks from which all the configurations of alphabet can be derived and to which in the end they will return."

 

Delsarte Coded Gesture


Author Unknown, Pastimes at Home and School: A Practical Manual of Delsarte Exercises and Elocution (Chicago: W.B. Conkey Co.,) 1897 (showing attack, horror and flight).

 

 

Bacon's Biliteral Cipher
(A Five-bit Code using two characters a / b )

 

The Biliteral Alphabet                    The Key to the Biliteral Cipher
Francis Bacon, De Augmentis Scientiarum, 16th-C.

 

 
 "Stephen Johnson, "A"  from Alphabet City (Viking Press) 1995.

 

 

 

 

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© Copyright 2002. All rights reserved. Contact: Jeanie S. Dean sRevised: 01/18/04.